Thursday, June 30, 2022
Wednesday, June 29, 2022
tinkercad sine wave
int F = 2; //frequency of signal
int Fs = 500; //sampling frequency
int n = 500; //number of samples
float t; //time instance
int sampling_interval;
byte samples[500]; //to store the samples
void setup()
{
pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
for (int n=0; n<500; n++){
t = (float)n/Fs; //create time instance to find the 500 samples
samples[n] = (byte)(127*sin(2*3.14*t)+127);
}
sampling_interval = 1000000 / (F * n);
//sampling inverval Ts = 1/frequency x number of sample (Ts = 1/Fn or Ts = T/n)x1000000 to convert to uS
}
void loop()
{
for (int j=0; j<500; j++){
analogWrite(10, samples[j]);
delayMicroseconds(sampling_interval);
}
}
reference:
Tuesday, June 28, 2022
tinkercad low pass filter
int d = 1000;
int count = 0;
float count_max = 3;
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b10000000; //pin 7 as output
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
PORTD ^= 0b10000000; //toggle pin 7
Serial.println(d);
delay(d);
count++;
if(count>count_max){
d = d*0.9;
count = 0;
count_max = count_max * 1.11;
Serial.println(count_max);
}
if(d<1){d=1000;}
}
reference:
Monday, June 27, 2022
Sunday, June 26, 2022
tinkercad LU-5-R SPDT relay + 4N35 optical switch
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b00000100; //pin 2 as output
}
void loop()
{
PORTD ^= 0b00000100; //toggle pin 2
delay(1000);
}
reference:
Saturday, June 25, 2022
tinkercad ADC
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd1(0x20,16,2);
void setup()
{
lcd1.init();
lcd1.clear();
lcd1.backlight();
}
void loop()
{
float ADC_A0 = analogRead(A0);
float V_A0 = ADC_A0 * 5 / 1024;
float ADC_A1 = analogRead(A1);
float V_A1 = ADC_A1 * 5 / 1024;
lcd1.setCursor(0,0);
lcd1.print("A0 ");
lcd1.print(V_A0, 4);
lcd1.setCursor(0,1);
lcd1.print("A1 ");
lcd1.print(V_A1, 4);
delay(500);
}
reference:
Friday, June 24, 2022
Thursday, June 23, 2022
tinkercad I2C communication between controllers
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd1(0x21,16,2);
byte board_address = 1;
byte Right[8] = {
0b00000,
0b00100,
0b00110,
0b11111,
0b00110,
0b00100,
0b00000,
0b00000,
};
byte x;
void setup()
{
lcd1.init();
lcd1.clear();
lcd1.backlight();
lcd1.createChar(0, Right);
Wire.begin(1);
}
void loop()
{
//transmit to slave 2 and 3, then wait for slave response
for(int i=2; i<4; i++){
x=random(0, 255);
Wire.beginTransmission(i); // transmit to device #2
Wire.write(x); // sends x
Wire.endTransmission(); // stop transmitting
lcd1.setCursor(0,0);
lcd1.clear();
lcd1.print("M ");
lcd1.write(0);
lcd1.write(0);
lcd1.print(" S");
lcd1.print(i);
lcd1.print(" ");
lcd1.print(x);
Wire.requestFrom(i, 2); //request 2 bytes from device 2
lcd1.setCursor(0,1);
while(Wire.available()) {
byte data = Wire.read();
lcd1.print("S");
lcd1.print(data); //1st byte is slave address
lcd1.print(" ");
lcd1.write(0);
lcd1.write(0);
lcd1.print(" M");
lcd1.print(" ");
data = Wire.read();
lcd1.print(data); //2nd byte is echo data
}
delay(500);
}
}
---------------------------
//Slave
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
byte board_address = 2;
byte data;
void setup()
{
Wire.begin(board_address);
Wire.onReceive(receiveEvent);
Wire.onRequest(requestEvent);
}
void loop()
{
}
void receiveEvent(int n) {
while(Wire.available()) {
data = Wire.read();
}
}
void requestEvent() {
Wire.write(board_address);
Wire.write(data);
}
reference:
I2C lcd
Wednesday, June 22, 2022
Tuesday, June 21, 2022
tinkercad PCF8574 I2C reader + 74HC4017 decade couter
#include <Wire.h>
void setup()
{
TCCR1A = 0b00000000; //TCCR1A bit 0, 1 and TCCR1B bit 3, 4 set timer mode
TCCR1B = 0b00001101; //Set mode to be clear on compare. set scaler to be clock/1024
OCR1A = 7811; //period = (OCR1A/B + 1)*scaler*62.5ns = 0.5s
TIMSK1 = 0b00000010; //enable timer counter
sei();
Wire.begin();
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
byte data;
Wire.requestFrom(0x20, 1); //request 1 byte from I2C expander
while(Wire.available()) {
data = Wire.read();
Serial.print("reader1 data ");
printBin(data);
Serial.println();
}
Wire.requestFrom(0x21, 1); //request 1 byte from I2C expander
while(Wire.available()) {
data = Wire.read();
Serial.print("reader2 data ");
printBin(data);
Serial.println();
}
delay(1000);
}
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){
PORTC ^= 0b00000001; //toggle pin 6(shift register clock)
}
void printBin(byte aByte) {
for (int8_t aBit = 7; aBit >= 0; aBit--)
Serial.write(bitRead(aByte, aBit) ? '1' : '0');
}
Johnson decade counter
reference:Johnson decade counter
Monday, June 20, 2022
tinkercad I2C LCDs
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd1(0x20,16,2);
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd2(0x21,16,2);
byte Up[8] = {
0b00000,
0b00100,
0b01110,
0b11111,
0b00100,
0b00100,
0b00100,
0b00000,
};
byte Down[8] = {
0b00000,
0b00100,
0b00100,
0b00100,
0b11111,
0b01110,
0b00100,
0b00000,
};
void setup()
{
lcd1.init();
lcd1.clear();
lcd1.backlight();
lcd1.createChar(0, Up);
lcd1.createChar(1, Down);
lcd1.setCursor(4,0);
lcd1.print("Commodities LCD 0x20");
lcd1.setCursor(0,1);
lcd1.print("Brent Oil ");
lcd1.write(0);
lcd1.print("0.87% ");
lcd1.print("Natural Gas ");
lcd1.write(0);
lcd1.print("0.43% ");
lcd2.init();
lcd2.clear();
lcd2.backlight();
lcd2.createChar(0, Up);
lcd2.createChar(1, Down);
lcd2.setCursor(4,0);
lcd2.print("Commodities LCD 0x21");
lcd2.setCursor(0,1);
lcd2.print("Gold ");
lcd2.write(0);
lcd2.print("0.12% ");
lcd2.print("Soybeans ");
lcd2.write(1);
lcd2.print("0.84% ");
}
void loop()
{
lcd1.scrollDisplayLeft();
lcd2.scrollDisplayLeft();
delay(200);
}
//I2C address sniffer
#include <Wire.h>
void setup()
{
Serial.begin (9600);
// Leonardo: wait for serial port to connect
while (!Serial)
{
}
Serial.println ();
Serial.println ("I2C scanner. Scanning ...");
byte count = 0;
Wire.begin();
for (byte i = 8; i < 120; i++)
{
Wire.beginTransmission (i);
if (Wire.endTransmission () == 0)
{
Serial.print ("Found address: ");
Serial.print (i, DEC);
Serial.print (" (0x");
Serial.print (i, HEX);
Serial.println (")");
count++;
delay (1); // maybe unneeded?
} // end of good response
} // end of for loop
Serial.println ("Done.");
Serial.print ("Found ");
Serial.print (count, DEC);
Serial.println (" device(s).");
}
void loop()
{
}
reference:
scroll left
multiple LCDS
Sunday, June 19, 2022
tinkercad PCF8574 I2C expander write
#include <Wire.h>
byte data = 0;
int num = 0, num1 = 0, num2 = 0, num3 = 0;
void setup()
{
Wire.begin();
}
void loop()
{
Wire.beginTransmission(0x20);
data = segment_decoder(num%10);
Wire.write(data);
Wire.endTransmission();
Wire.beginTransmission(0x21);
data = segment_decoder(num1%10);
Wire.write(data);
Wire.endTransmission();
Wire.beginTransmission(0x22);
data = segment_decoder(num2%10);
Wire.write(data);
Wire.endTransmission();
Wire.beginTransmission(0x23);
data = segment_decoder(num3%10);
Wire.write(data);
Wire.endTransmission();
num++;
if(num==80){num=0;}
if(num%2==0){num1++;}
if(num1==10){num1=0;}
if(num%4==0){num2++;}
if(num2==10){num2=0;}
if(num%8==0){num3++;}
if(num3==10){num3=0;}
delay(200);
}
byte segment_decoder(int n){
byte b;
switch(n){
case 0:
b = 0b00111111;
break;
case 1:
b = 0b00000110;
break;
case 2:
b = 0b01011011;
break;
case 3:
b = 0b01001111;
break;
case 4:
b = 0b01100110;
break;
case 5:
b = 0b01101101;
break;
case 6:
b = 0b01111100;
break;
case 7:
b = 0b00000111;
break;
case 8:
b = 0b01111111;
break;
case 9:
b = 0b01101111;
break;
default:
b = 0b00000000;
break;
}
return ~b;
}
The main difference between I2C and Serial, is that Serial is a point to point connection and I2C is a bus which support many devices, each with own address.
I2C have better speed than Serial, but Serial support longer wires, depends what your needs are.
reference:
Saturday, June 18, 2022
tinkercad 74HC595 shift register + 7 segment display 1
bool shifting = false;
int shift_count = 0;
byte data1 = 0, data2 = 0;
int num = 0;
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b01111100; //pin 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 output
// arduino pin 3 connects to 74HC595 output enable pin
// arduino pin 4 connects to 74HC595 serial input pin
// arduino pin 5 connects to 74HC595 output register clock pin
// arduino pin 6 connects to 74HC595 shift register clock pin
//shift register clock
TCCR1A = 0b00000000; //TCCR1A bit 0, 1 and TCCR1B bit 3, 4 set timer mode
TCCR1B = 0b00001010; //Set mode to be clear on compare. set scaler to be clock/8
OCR1A = 1999; //period = (OCR1A/B + 1)*scaler*62.5ns = 1ms
TIMSK1 = 0b00000010; //enable timer counter
sei();
}
void loop()
{
//updateShiftRegister();
shifting = true;
//data = random(0, 255);
data1 = segment_decoder(num/10);
data2 = segment_decoder(num%10);
num++;
if(num==100){num=0;}
delay(200);
}
//shift register clock
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){
PORTD ^= 0b01000000; //toggle pin 6(shift register clock)
byte array1[2] = {0b00010000, 0b00000100};
byte array2[2] = {data1, data2};
shift_register(array1, array2);
}
//shift both registers at the same time
void shift_register(byte input_pin[], byte data_byte[]){
if(shifting){
//disable register output
PORTD = PIND | 0b00001000; //set output enable high
//if shift register clock is high
if(PIND & 0b01000000){
PORTD = PIND & 0b11011111; //set output register clock low
for(int i=0; i<sizeof(data_byte); i++){
//if data bit is high
if(bitRead(data_byte[i], 7-shift_count)){
//set serial input pin high
PORTD = PIND | input_pin[i];
}
//if data bit is low
else{
//set serial input pin low
PORTD = PIND & ~input_pin[i];
}
}
shift_count++;
}
//if shift register clock is low
else{
//if data bit is read
if(shift_count >0){
PORTD = PIND | 0b00100000; //set output register clock high
//if all 8 data bits are read
if(shift_count == 9){
shifting = false;
shift_count = 0;
}
}
}
}
//shift finished
else{
PORTD = PIND & 0b11110111; //set output enable low
}
}
byte segment_decoder(int n){
byte b;
switch(n){
case 0:
b = 0b01111110;
break;
case 1:
b = 0b00001100;
break;
case 2:
b = 0b10110110;
break;
case 3:
b = 0b10011110;
break;
case 4:
b = 0b11001100;
break;
case 5:
b = 0b11011010;
break;
case 6:
b = 0b11111000;
break;
case 7:
b = 0b00001110;
break;
case 8:
b = 0b11111110;
break;
case 9:
b = 0b11011110;
break;
default:
b = 0b00000000;
break;
}
return b;
}
Friday, June 17, 2022
tinkercad 74HC595 shift register 2
bool shifting = false;
int shift_count = 0;
byte data = 0;
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b01110000; //pin 4, 5, 6 output
// arduino pin 4 connects to 74HC595 serial input pin
// arduino pin 5 connects to 74HC595 output register clock pin
// arduino pin 6 connects to 74HC595 shift register clock pin
Serial.begin(9600);
//shift register clock
TCCR1A = 0b00000000; //TCCR1A bit 0, 1 and TCCR1B bit 3, 4 set timer mode
TCCR1B = 0b00001101; //Set mode to be clear on compare. set scaler to be clock/1024
OCR1A = 1562; //period = (OCR1A/B + 1)*scaler*62.5ns = 0.1s
TIMSK1 = 0b00000010; //enable timer counter
sei();
}
void loop()
{
//updateShiftRegister();
shifting = true;
data = random(0, 255);
printBin(data);
Serial.println();
delay(8000);
}
//shift register clock
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){
PORTD ^= 0b01000000; //toggle pin 6(shift register clock)
if(shifting){
//if shift register clock is high
if(PIND & 0b01000000){
PORTD = PIND & 0b11011111; //set output register clock low
//if data bit is high
if(bitRead(data, 7-shift_count)){
//set serial input pin high
PORTD = PIND | 0b00010000;
}
//if data bit is low
else{
//set serial input pin low
PORTD = PIND & 0b11101111;
}
shift_count++;
}
//if shift register clock is low
else{
//if data bit is read
if(shift_count >0){
PORTD = PIND | 0b00100000; //set output register clock high
//if all 8 data bits are read
if(shift_count == 9){
shifting = false;
shift_count = 0;
}
}
}
}
}
void printBin(byte aByte) {
for (int8_t aBit = 7; aBit >= 0; aBit--)
Serial.write(bitRead(aByte, aBit) ? '1' : '0');
}
reference:
timer interrupt
port manipulation
Thursday, June 16, 2022
tinkercad 74HC595 shift register 1
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b01110000; //pin 4, 5, 6 output
// arduino pin 4 connects to 74HC595 serial input pin
// arduino pin 5 connects to 74HC595 output register clock pin
// arduino pin 6 connects to 74HC595 shift register clock pin
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
updateShiftRegister();
delay(5000);
}
void updateShiftRegister()
{
//digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
PORTD = PIND & 0b11011111;
//shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, LSBFIRST, 0b10101010);
byte data = random(0, 255);
printBin(data);
Serial.println();
shiftOut(4, 6, MSBFIRST, data);
//digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
PORTD = PIND | 0b00100000;
}
void printBin(byte aByte) {
for (int8_t aBit = 7; aBit >= 0; aBit--)
Serial.write(bitRead(aByte, aBit) ? '1' : '0');
} reference:
shiftout
printBin
Wednesday, June 15, 2022
Tuesday, June 14, 2022
Monday, June 13, 2022
Sunday, June 12, 2022
Saturday, June 11, 2022
Thursday, June 9, 2022
Wednesday, June 8, 2022
Tuesday, June 7, 2022
tinkercad lcd screen
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
char text1[] = " Time up is";
unsigned long t;
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(text1);
TCCR1A = 0b00000000; //TCCR1A bit 0, 1 and TCCR1B bit 3, 4 set timer mode
TCCR1B = 0b00001101; //Set mode to be clear on compare. set scaler to be clock/1024
OCR1A = 15624; //period = (OCR1A/B + 1)*scaler*62.5ns = 1s
TIMSK1 = 0b00000010; //enable timer counter
sei();
}
void loop()
{
}
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){
t = millis();
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" ");
lcd.print(t/1000);
lcd.print("s");
}
reference:
timer
Sunday, June 5, 2022
tinkercat H-bridge and motor
click buttons to change motor direction
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b01101100; //pin 2, 3, 5, 6 output
PORTD = 0b01000100; //set initial motor directions
PCICR = 0b00000001; //interrupt group 1
PCMSK0 = 0b00000011; //pin 7 interrupt
sei();
}
void loop()
{
}
ISR(PCINT0_vect){
//if interrupt on pin 8(PB0), toggle pin 2, 3
if ( (PINB&(1<<0)) ){
PORTD ^= 0b00001100;
}
//if interrupt on pin 9(PB1), toggle pin 5, 6
if ( (PINB&(1<<1)) ){
PORTD ^= 0b01100000;
}
}
reference:
port register
H bridge driver
Saturday, June 4, 2022
tinkercat motor and sensor
when object moves in detected area, motor spins
void setup()
{
DDRD = 0b00100000; //pin 5 output
PCICR = 0b00000100; //interrupt group 3
PCMSK2 = 0b10000000; //pin 7 interrupt
sei();
}
void loop()
{
}
ISR(PCINT2_vect){
PORTD ^= 0b00100000; //toggle pin 5
}
reference:
Friday, June 3, 2022
Wednesday, June 1, 2022
tinkercat fast pwm normal mode
toggle clock on timer overflow
int period;
void setup()
{
TCCR2A = 0x00; // Wave Form Generation Mode 0: Normal Mode; OC2A disconnected
TCCR2B = (1<<CS22) + (1<<CS21) + (1<<CS20); // prescaler = 1024
TIMSK2 = (1<<TOIE2); // interrupt when TCNT2 is overflowed
DDRD |= (1<<PD7); // Portmanipulation: replaces pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
}
ISR(TIMER2_OVF_vect){
PORTD ^= (1<<PD7); // toggle PD7
period = TCNT2 *0.0000625*1024;
Serial.print("Period: ");
Serial.println(period);
}
reference:
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